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Plastics materials-II
Unit-I ( Engineering Plastics )
Sources of Plastics
Sources of plastics
Where does plastic come from?
Plastics found in natural substances
The major properties of engineering thermoplastics are:
these are the following engineering plastics we use..
Sources of Plastics
- The main source of synthetic plastics is crude oil.
- Coal and natural gas are also used to produce plastics.
- Petrol, paraffin, lubricating oils and high petroleum gases are bi-products, produced during the refining of crude oil.
- These gases are broken down into monomers. Monomers are chemical substances consisting of a single molecule.
- A process called Polymerization occurs when thousands of monomers are linked together. The compounds formed as called polymers.
- Combining the element carbon with one or more other elements such as oxygen, hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine and nitrogen makes most polymers.
Sources of plastics
Where does plastic come from?
- Plastics can be either found in natural substances or may be man-made. Most of the plastics used today are man-made.
- Man-made plastics are known as synthetic plastics.
- Natural 'plastic products' occur in such things as animals' horns, animals' milk, insects, plants and trees.
Plastics found in natural substances
- Animals horns Casein (glue)
- Animals milk Formaldehyde (glue)
- Insects Shellac (French polishing)
- Plants Cellulose (table tennis balls)
- Cellulose acetate (cloth, photographic film, handles)
- Cellophane (wrapping)
- Bitumen (roads, flat roofs)
- Trees Latex (rubber)
- Rosin (resin) paint
- Amber (semi-precious decoration)
The major properties of engineering thermoplastics are:
- Abrasion resistance
- Chemical resistance
- Dimensional stability
- Electrical properties
- Flammability
- Food compatibility
- Impact strength
- Min/Max operating temperature (Thermal Resistance)
- Sliding properties
- UV resistance
- Water absorption
these are the following engineering plastics we use..
- Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
- Nylon 6
- Nylon 6-6
- Polyamides (PA)
- Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)
- Polycarbonates (PC)
- Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
- Polyetherketone (PEK)
- Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
- Polyimides
- Polyoxymethylene plastic (POM / Acetal)
- Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS)
- Polyphenylene oxide (PPO)
- Polysulphone (PSU)
- Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE / Teflon)
- Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE / UHMW)
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Unit-II ( Speciality Plastics )
Specialty elastomers are designed
for high-abrasion applications. They are used in conveyor belts, hose
covers, wear seals, and parts for petroleum drilling equipment.
Specialty elastomers and rubber materials are characterized by their
high degree of flexibility and elasticity (high reversible
elongation). They are based on chemical systems such as polyurethane,
chloroprene, butyl, polybutadiene, neoprene, natural rubber or isoprene,
and other synthetic rubber or compounds
.
Specialty composites are designed for applications such as noise control, vibration damping, shock isolation, and cushioning. They are used in products such as acoustical foams, sound barriers, and molded isolators. Most specialty composites are filled with a strengthening phase, reinforcement fibers, toughening phase, or other specialty fillers that provide unique properties. These fillers include aramid fiber, carbon or graphite, fiber glass, metal, or minerals. Unfilled specialty composites are also available.
Specialty thermoplastics are used in bioplastics, biocomposites, and some fluid-resistant applications. Because they can be repeatedly softened by heat and then hardened by cooling, specialty thermoplastics allow parts to be injection molded. Thermoformed and scrap can also be reprocessed to reuse waste materials and contain costs.
Specialty thermosets are used both in coatings and adhesives. Products include epoxy resins and elastomer-modified epoxy resins, reactive liquid polymers, epoxy functional monomers and modifiers, and thermoset catalysts and reducers. Specialty thermosets are crosslinked polymers that are cured using heat or heat and pressure. Cured thermoset resins generally have higher resistance to heat compared to thermoplastics, but melting cannot reprocess them.
Properties
Specialty polymers and resins exhibit properties based on their composition. Special consideration should be given to properties such use as tensile strength, use temperature, viscosity, and water absorption.
The tensile strength is the maximum stress a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before necking deformation occurs.
Use temperature is the allowable temperature range in which the compound can operate effectively which determines what environments the resin can be used in.
Viscosity is the measure of a compounds resistance to flow, and must be understood in order to produce, process, and use the material correctly.
Water absorption is the amount of water that a material can absorb which is important for any material in contact with water or being used as a sorbet..
.
Specialty composites are designed for applications such as noise control, vibration damping, shock isolation, and cushioning. They are used in products such as acoustical foams, sound barriers, and molded isolators. Most specialty composites are filled with a strengthening phase, reinforcement fibers, toughening phase, or other specialty fillers that provide unique properties. These fillers include aramid fiber, carbon or graphite, fiber glass, metal, or minerals. Unfilled specialty composites are also available.
Specialty thermoplastics are used in bioplastics, biocomposites, and some fluid-resistant applications. Because they can be repeatedly softened by heat and then hardened by cooling, specialty thermoplastics allow parts to be injection molded. Thermoformed and scrap can also be reprocessed to reuse waste materials and contain costs.
Specialty thermosets are used both in coatings and adhesives. Products include epoxy resins and elastomer-modified epoxy resins, reactive liquid polymers, epoxy functional monomers and modifiers, and thermoset catalysts and reducers. Specialty thermosets are crosslinked polymers that are cured using heat or heat and pressure. Cured thermoset resins generally have higher resistance to heat compared to thermoplastics, but melting cannot reprocess them.
Properties
Specialty polymers and resins exhibit properties based on their composition. Special consideration should be given to properties such use as tensile strength, use temperature, viscosity, and water absorption.
The tensile strength is the maximum stress a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before necking deformation occurs.
Use temperature is the allowable temperature range in which the compound can operate effectively which determines what environments the resin can be used in.
Viscosity is the measure of a compounds resistance to flow, and must be understood in order to produce, process, and use the material correctly.
Water absorption is the amount of water that a material can absorb which is important for any material in contact with water or being used as a sorbet..
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Unit - III( Polymer Blends & Alloys )
Polymer Blends and Alloys
polymer blend
Polymer blends are simply mixtures of two or more polymers where there is no chemical interaction between the polymers. Considerable interest in polymer blends has been due to the difficulty in developing new polymeric materials from monomers. In many cases it can be more cost effective to tailor the properties of a material through the blending of existing materials. One of the most basic questions regarding blends is whether the two polymers are miscible or exist as a single phase. In many circumstances, the polymers will exist as two separate phases. In this case the morphology of the phases is of great importance. In the case of a miscible single-phase blend, there is a single Tg, which is dependent on the composition of the blend. When two phases exist, the blend will exhibit two separate Tg values, one for each of the phases present. In the case where the polymers can crystallize, the crystalline portions will exhibit a melting point even in the case where the two polymers are a miscible blend. Miscible blends of commercial importance include PPO-PS, PVC-nitrile rubber, and PET-PBT
Polymer blends are often used in adhesive formulations where properties asso- ciated with rigid polymers (high temperature resistance, chemical resistance, etc.) must be obtained along with properties associated with tough, elastic polymers (impact strength, high peel strength, etc.). Examples of these adhesive systems are nylon-epoxy, phenolic-nitrile, epoxy-polysulfide, epoxy-nitrile, and epoxy- urethane.
Polymer blends can be broadly divided into three categories:
Examples of miscible polymer blends:
Economy of blending..........
There are five reasons to employ polymer blends:
polymer blend
Polymer blends are simply mixtures of two or more polymers where there is no chemical interaction between the polymers. Considerable interest in polymer blends has been due to the difficulty in developing new polymeric materials from monomers. In many cases it can be more cost effective to tailor the properties of a material through the blending of existing materials. One of the most basic questions regarding blends is whether the two polymers are miscible or exist as a single phase. In many circumstances, the polymers will exist as two separate phases. In this case the morphology of the phases is of great importance. In the case of a miscible single-phase blend, there is a single Tg, which is dependent on the composition of the blend. When two phases exist, the blend will exhibit two separate Tg values, one for each of the phases present. In the case where the polymers can crystallize, the crystalline portions will exhibit a melting point even in the case where the two polymers are a miscible blend. Miscible blends of commercial importance include PPO-PS, PVC-nitrile rubber, and PET-PBT
Polymer blends are often used in adhesive formulations where properties asso- ciated with rigid polymers (high temperature resistance, chemical resistance, etc.) must be obtained along with properties associated with tough, elastic polymers (impact strength, high peel strength, etc.). Examples of these adhesive systems are nylon-epoxy, phenolic-nitrile, epoxy-polysulfide, epoxy-nitrile, and epoxy- urethane.
Polymer blends can be broadly divided into three categories:
- Immiscible polymer blends (heterogeneous polymer blends): This is by far the most populous group. If the blend is made of two polymers, two glass transition temperatures will be observed.
- Compatible polymer blends: Immiscible polymer blend that exhibits microscopically uniform physical properties. The microscopically uniform properties are usually caused by sufficiently strong interactions between the component polymers.[2]
- Miscible polymer blends (homogeneous polymer blend): Polymer blend that is a single-phase structure. In this case, one glass transition temperature will be observed.
Examples of miscible polymer blends:
- Homopolymer - Homopolymer:
- Polyphenylene oxide (PPO) - polystyrene (PS): Noryl developed by General Electric Plastics in 1966 (now owned by SABIC). The miscibility of the two polymers in Noryl is caused by the presence of an aromatic ring in the repeat units of both chains;
- Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) - Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT);
- Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) - Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF);
- Homopolymer - Copolymer:
- Polypropylene (PP) - EPDM;
- Polycarbonate (PC) - Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS): Bayblend, Pulse, Anjablend A.
Economy of blending..........
There are five reasons to employ polymer blends:
- higher performance at a reasonable price,
- modification of performance as a market develops,
- extending the performance of expensive resins,
- re-use of plastics scrap,
Unit - IV ( Bio-degradable Plastics & Bio-plastics)
Biodegradable plastic
Biodegradable plastics are plastics that decompose by the action living organisms, usually bacteria.
Two basic classes of biodegradable plastics exist: Bioplastics, whose components are derived from renewable raw materials and plastics made from petrochemicals containing biodegradable additives which enhance biodegradation.
Examples of biodegradable plastics
Applications
Flower wrapping made of PLA-blend bio-flex Bioplastics are used for disposable items, such as packaging, crockery, cutlery, pots, bowls, and straws.[3] They are also often used for bags, trays, fruit and vegetable containers and blister foils, egg cartons, meat packaging, vegetables, and bottling for soft drinks and dairy products.
These plastics are also used in non-disposable applications including mobile phone casings, carpet fibres, insulation car interiors, fuel lines, and plastic piping. New electroactive bioplastics are being developed that can be used to carry electric current.[4] In these areas, the goal is not biodegradability, but to create items from sustainable resources.
Medical implants made of PLA, which dissolve in the body, can save patients a second operation. Compostable mulch films can also be produced from starch polymers and used in agriculture. These films do not have to be collected after use on farm fields.[5]
Biopolymers are available as coatings for paper rather than the more common petrochemical coatings.
Biodegradable plastics are plastics that decompose by the action living organisms, usually bacteria.
Two basic classes of biodegradable plastics exist: Bioplastics, whose components are derived from renewable raw materials and plastics made from petrochemicals containing biodegradable additives which enhance biodegradation.
Examples of biodegradable plastics
- While aromatic polyesters are almost totally resistant to microbial attack, most aliphatic polyesters are biodegradable due to their potentially hydrolysable ester bonds:
- Naturally Produced: Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) like the poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), polyhydroxyvalerate (PHV) and polyhydroxyhexanoate (PHH);
- Renewable Resource: Polylactic acid (PLA);
- Synthetic: Polybutylene succinate (PBS), polycaprolactone (PCL)...
- Polyanhydrides
- Polyvinyl alcohol
- Most of the starch derivatives
- Cellulose esters like cellulose acetate and nitrocellulose and their derivatives (celluloid).
- Enhanced biodegradable plastic with additives.
Applications
Flower wrapping made of PLA-blend bio-flex Bioplastics are used for disposable items, such as packaging, crockery, cutlery, pots, bowls, and straws.[3] They are also often used for bags, trays, fruit and vegetable containers and blister foils, egg cartons, meat packaging, vegetables, and bottling for soft drinks and dairy products.
These plastics are also used in non-disposable applications including mobile phone casings, carpet fibres, insulation car interiors, fuel lines, and plastic piping. New electroactive bioplastics are being developed that can be used to carry electric current.[4] In these areas, the goal is not biodegradability, but to create items from sustainable resources.
Medical implants made of PLA, which dissolve in the body, can save patients a second operation. Compostable mulch films can also be produced from starch polymers and used in agriculture. These films do not have to be collected after use on farm fields.[5]
Biopolymers are available as coatings for paper rather than the more common petrochemical coatings.
Plastics Processing Technique-I
Unit-I ( Introduction )
Unit-II ( Injection Molding Process )
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Unit-III ( Extrusion )
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Unit- IV ( Blow Molding )
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Unit - V ( Compression Moulding & Transfer moulding)
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Plastic Testing technique- I
Unit-I ( Concepts of Testing & Identification of Plastics )
The following are some of the major reasons for testing:
1. To prove design concepts
2. To provide a basis for reliability
3. Safety
4. Protection against product liability suits
5. Quality control
6. To meet standards and specifi cations
7. To verify the manufacturing process
8. To evaluate competitors’ products
9. To establish a history for new materials
There are two method to prepare test specimen -
1. To prove design concepts
2. To provide a basis for reliability
3. Safety
4. Protection against product liability suits
5. Quality control
6. To meet standards and specifi cations
7. To verify the manufacturing process
8. To evaluate competitors’ products
9. To establish a history for new materials
There are two method to prepare test specimen -
- Injection molding
- Compression molding
identification_of_plastics_..ppt | |
File Size: | 318 kb |
File Type: | ppt |
Unit-II (Material Characterization)
mfi..pdf | |
File Size: | 119 kb |
File Type: |
Melt flow index
The melt flow index (MFI) is a measure of the ease of flow of the melt of a thermoplastic polymer. It is defined as the mass of polymer, in grams, flowing in ten minutes through a capillary of a specific diameter and length by a pressure applied via prescribed alternative gravimetric weights for alternative prescribed temperatures. Polymer processors usually mentally correlate the value of MFI with the polymer grade that they have to choose for different processes, and most often this value is not accompanied by the units, because it is taken for granted to be g/10min. Similarly, the test load conditions of MFI measurement is normally expressed in kilograms rather than any other units. The method is described in the similar standards ASTM D1238 and ISO 1133.
Melt flow rate is an indirect measure of molecular weight, with high melt flow rate corresponding to low molecular weight. At the same time, melt flow rate is a measure of the ability of the material's melt to flow under pressure. Melt flow rate is inversely proportional to viscosity of the melt at the conditions of the test, though it should be borne in mind that the viscosity for any such material depends on the applied force. Ratios between two melt flow rate values for one material at different gravimetric weights are often used as a measure for the broadness of the molecular weight distribution.
Measurement Overview of the measurement of melt flow index (MFI) ISO standard 1133.
Viscosity-
The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress. For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of "thickness". For example, honey has a much higher viscosity than water
Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids
Newton's law of viscosity is a constitutive equation (like Hooke's law, Fick's law, Ohm's law): it is not a fundamental law of nature but an approximation that holds in some materials and fails in others.
A fluid that behaves according to Newton's law, with a viscosity μ that is independent of the stress, is said to be Newtonian. Gases, water, and many common liquids can be considered Newtonian in ordinary conditions and contexts. There are many non-Newtonian fluids that significantly deviate from that law in some way or other. For example:
Even for a Newtonian fluid, the viscosity usually depends on its composition and temperature. For gases and other compressible fluids, it depends on temperature and varies very slowly with pressure.
The viscosity of some fluids may depend on other factors. A magnetorheological fluid, for example, becomes thicker when subjected to a magnetic field, possibly to the point of behaving like a solid.
Viscosity
Definition: A measure of the resistance of flow due to internal friction when one layer of fluid is caused to move in relationship to another layer. The Poise represents absolute viscosity, the tangential force per unit area of either of two horizontal planes at unit distance apart, the space between being filled with the substance. A liquid with an absolute viscosity of one Poise requires a force of one dyne to maintain a velocity differential of one centimeter per second over a surface one centimeter square. When the ratio of shearing stress to the rate of shear is constant, as is the case with water and thin motor oils, the fluid is called a Newtonian fluid. In the case of non-Newtonian fluids, the ratio varies with the shearing stress, and viscosities of such fluids are called apparent viscosities. In the new SI system, it is proposed that values for the Poise be stated as Pascal seconds, the conversion factor being 1 Poise equal to 1 × 10-1 Pa·s. A common measurement unit is the milliPascal second (mPa·s). Conversion factors are as follows: 1 centipoise (cP) = 0.01 poise (P) 1 Pa·s = 10 P 1 cP = 0.001 Pa·s = 1 mPa·s 1 Pa·s = 1000 cP
Absolute Viscosity
Definition: The tangential force per unit area of two parallel planes at unit distance apart when the space between them is filled with a fluid and one plane moves with unit velocity in its own plane relative to the other. Also known as coefficient of viscosity.
Dilute Solution Viscosity
Definition: The viscosity of a dilute solution of a polymer, measured under prescribed conditions, is an indication of the molecular weight of the polymer and can be used to calculate the degree of polymerization. See also VISCOSITY, INHERENT; VISCOSITY, INTRINSIC; VISCOSITY, REDUCED; VISCOSITY, RELATIVE; and K-VALUE
The melt flow index (MFI) is a measure of the ease of flow of the melt of a thermoplastic polymer. It is defined as the mass of polymer, in grams, flowing in ten minutes through a capillary of a specific diameter and length by a pressure applied via prescribed alternative gravimetric weights for alternative prescribed temperatures. Polymer processors usually mentally correlate the value of MFI with the polymer grade that they have to choose for different processes, and most often this value is not accompanied by the units, because it is taken for granted to be g/10min. Similarly, the test load conditions of MFI measurement is normally expressed in kilograms rather than any other units. The method is described in the similar standards ASTM D1238 and ISO 1133.
Melt flow rate is an indirect measure of molecular weight, with high melt flow rate corresponding to low molecular weight. At the same time, melt flow rate is a measure of the ability of the material's melt to flow under pressure. Melt flow rate is inversely proportional to viscosity of the melt at the conditions of the test, though it should be borne in mind that the viscosity for any such material depends on the applied force. Ratios between two melt flow rate values for one material at different gravimetric weights are often used as a measure for the broadness of the molecular weight distribution.
Measurement Overview of the measurement of melt flow index (MFI) ISO standard 1133.
- A small amount of the polymer sample (around 4 to 5 grams) is taken in the specially designed MFI apparatus. A die with an opening of typically around 2 mm diameter is inserted into the apparatus.
- The material is packed properly inside the barrel to avoid formation of air pockets.
- A piston is introduced which acts as the medium that causes extrusion of the molten polymer.
- The sample is preheated for a specified amount of time: 5 min at 190 °C for polyethylene and 6 min at 230 °C for polypropylene.
- After the preheating a specified weight is introduced onto the piston. Examples of standard weights are 2.16 kg, 5 kg, etc.
- The weight exerts a force on the molten polymer and it immediately starts flowing through the die.
- A sample of the melt is taken after the desired period of time and is weighed accurately.
- MFI is expressed in grams of polymer per 10 minutes of duration of the test.
Viscosity-
The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress. For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of "thickness". For example, honey has a much higher viscosity than water
Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids
Newton's law of viscosity is a constitutive equation (like Hooke's law, Fick's law, Ohm's law): it is not a fundamental law of nature but an approximation that holds in some materials and fails in others.
A fluid that behaves according to Newton's law, with a viscosity μ that is independent of the stress, is said to be Newtonian. Gases, water, and many common liquids can be considered Newtonian in ordinary conditions and contexts. There are many non-Newtonian fluids that significantly deviate from that law in some way or other. For example:
- Shear thickening liquids, whose viscosity increases with the rate of shear strain.
- Shear thinning liquids, whose viscosity decreases with the rate of shear strain.
- Thixotropic liquids, that become less viscous over time when shaken, agitated, or otherwise stressed.
- Rheopectic liquids, that become more viscous over time when shaken, agitated, or otherwise stressed.
- Bingham plastics that behave as a solid at low stresses but flow as a viscous fluid at high stresses.
Even for a Newtonian fluid, the viscosity usually depends on its composition and temperature. For gases and other compressible fluids, it depends on temperature and varies very slowly with pressure.
The viscosity of some fluids may depend on other factors. A magnetorheological fluid, for example, becomes thicker when subjected to a magnetic field, possibly to the point of behaving like a solid.
Viscosity
Definition: A measure of the resistance of flow due to internal friction when one layer of fluid is caused to move in relationship to another layer. The Poise represents absolute viscosity, the tangential force per unit area of either of two horizontal planes at unit distance apart, the space between being filled with the substance. A liquid with an absolute viscosity of one Poise requires a force of one dyne to maintain a velocity differential of one centimeter per second over a surface one centimeter square. When the ratio of shearing stress to the rate of shear is constant, as is the case with water and thin motor oils, the fluid is called a Newtonian fluid. In the case of non-Newtonian fluids, the ratio varies with the shearing stress, and viscosities of such fluids are called apparent viscosities. In the new SI system, it is proposed that values for the Poise be stated as Pascal seconds, the conversion factor being 1 Poise equal to 1 × 10-1 Pa·s. A common measurement unit is the milliPascal second (mPa·s). Conversion factors are as follows: 1 centipoise (cP) = 0.01 poise (P) 1 Pa·s = 10 P 1 cP = 0.001 Pa·s = 1 mPa·s 1 Pa·s = 1000 cP
Absolute Viscosity
Definition: The tangential force per unit area of two parallel planes at unit distance apart when the space between them is filled with a fluid and one plane moves with unit velocity in its own plane relative to the other. Also known as coefficient of viscosity.
Dilute Solution Viscosity
Definition: The viscosity of a dilute solution of a polymer, measured under prescribed conditions, is an indication of the molecular weight of the polymer and can be used to calculate the degree of polymerization. See also VISCOSITY, INHERENT; VISCOSITY, INTRINSIC; VISCOSITY, REDUCED; VISCOSITY, RELATIVE; and K-VALUE
Unit-III (Mechanical Properties)
3.mechanical_properties..ppt | |
File Size: | 2849 kb |
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Unit-IV (Thermal Properties)
4.thermal_properties..ppt | |
File Size: | 9443 kb |
File Type: | ppt |
Additives & Compounding
Unit-I(Introduction to Additives)
additives_properties.ppt | |
File Size: | 274 kb |
File Type: | ppt |
Unit-II (Additives)
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Unit-III (Compounding techniques)
compounding_tecniques.pdf | |
File Size: | 2306 kb |
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Unit-IV (Compounding Equipment)
Unit-V (Plastics for Product applications)
Plastics gears
Plastic Materials for gear manufacturing..........
Properly selected plastic materials offer better performance than metals when all or some of the following requirements must be satisfied:
•Low maintenance
•Wear resistance when running dry
•Low noise
•Vibration dampening
•Corrosion-proof
•Low inertia due to low rotating mass, light weight
•Low manufacturing cost
Polyamides can be engineered toward one or more requirements, as is shown by the following listing of the plastic materials most commonly used for manufacturing gears:
1) PA 6 (Polyamide 6): this material is wear resistant and absorbs impact even under rough conditions, but it is less suitable for small precision gears.
2) PA 66 (Polyamide 66): compared to PA 6, this extruded polyamide offers better wear resistance (except against mating surfaces of high quality), absorbs less moisture and is dimensionally more stable, but it is also less suitable for small precision gears. 3) PA 6 G (Cast Polyamide 6): the high degree of crystallization makes PA 6 G especially wear resistant.
4) Calaumid 612/612-FeÆ (cast PA 6/12): this polyamide is engineered toward toughness against shock loads, with wear resistance similar to PA 6 G. (Calaumid is a Timco exclusive)
5) Calaumid 1200/1200-FeÆ (cast PA 12): a lower degree of moisture absorption gives better dimensional stability. It has excellent wear resistance and withstands high shock loads.
6) PA 6 G + Oil (Cast Polyamide 6 + Oil): the addition of lubricating oil into the PA 6 G provides very good dry running and wear resistant properties.
7) POM-C (Polyacetal-C): this Acetal absorbs very little moisture, which makes it suitable for precision gears, but it needs continuous lubrication under high loads.
8) UHMW-PE (ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene): PE absorbs no moisture, is dimensionally stable, resistant against chemicals, and dampens vibrations, but it is suitable only for low loads.
Typical Plastic Gear Applications
plastic gears were found in toys and other non-critical applications. Through advancements in plastic resins and manufacturing techniques however, plastic gears today can be utilized in a multitude of crucial applications, from transmitting amounts of torque to accurate positioning of critical components in medical devices. Plastic offers many benefits, including design flexibility and significant cost savings.
Feeding bottles
Polycarbonate (PC) plastic is one of the safest and best materials used to make baby bottles. While there are other options available on the market Viz, Polypropylene (PP) and Glass.
Polycarbonate (PC) is popularly used for manufacturing baby feeding bottles
and highly preferable in the market because of its light weight, unbreakable and
heat resistance quality. Polycarbonate (PC) plastic is one of the safest and best
materials used to make baby bottles. While there are other options available, Polypropylene (PP) and Glass .
Manufacturing Process& Technology
Baby Feeding Bottles have the following parts:
• Bottle
• Cap
• Teat (or Nipple)
The bottle is made of Polycarbonate and is manufactured by Injection Blow
Moulding and the cap is made of Polypropylene and is made by Injection
Moulding. Silicone nipples for the bottle can be procured from reputed suppliers.
The process of manufacturing baby feeding bottles and caps can be seen in the
following process flow diagram:
Technology:
The technology/Machinery required for manufacturing of the Baby Feeding
Bottles are blow moulding machine, Injection moulding machine, color mixer,
chilling machine, scrap grinder and printing machine.
Microwave oven bowls madeup of ........
Glass & Ceramics
Glass containers are often marked microwave safe. These containers can be heated in a microwave without a problem. The issue with glass that is not
Application of plastics
Uses of plastics in Agriculture-
A wide range of plastics are used in agriculture, including, polyolefin, polyethylene (PE), Polypropylene (PP), Ethylene-Vinyl Accetate Copolymer (EVA), Poly-vinyl chloride (PVC) and, in less frequently, Polycarbonate (PC) and poly-methyl-methacrylate (PMMA)
Greenhouses:
Greenhouses are like intensive-care units. Thanks to them, plants are exposed to the sunlight and can grow in ideal conditions according to their physiological properties. The use of greenhouses indeed provides farmers with the possibility to create the appropriate environmental conditions that plants require for faster and safer growth, to avoid extreme temperatures and protect crops from harmful external conditions.
Tunnels:
Tunnels have the same features as greenhouses, except for their complexity and their height. Crops that are the most commonly cultivated in tunnels are asparagus, watermelon, etc.
Mulching:
Mulching or covering the ground with plastic film helps maintain humidity as evaporation is reduced. It also improves thermal conditions for the plant’s roots, avoids contact between the plant and the ground and prevents weed from growing and competing with for water and nutrients.
Plastic reservoirs and irrigation systems:
When combined, plastic reservoirs and plastic irrigation systems make an essential contribution to water management. Water can be stored in dams covered with plastics materials to avoid leaking and distributed via pipes, drop irrigation systems and systems for water circulation.
Silage:
This application, which was developed to store animals’ grains and straw during the winter, is another proof of the value of plastics. Plastic films used to store silage are resistant and the content canbe stored for years.
Other plastic applications include boxes;
crates for crop collecting, handling and transport; components for irrigation systems like fittings and spray cones; tapes that help hold the aerial parts of the plants in the greenhouses, or even nets to shade the interior of the greenhouses or reduce the effects of hail
Application of plastics in Packaging
Food packaging
Lamination
Wrapers
Packaging of electrical and electronic parts
Water & milk packaging
Application of plastics in building..........................
Application of plastics in transport.......
Automotive
More plastics, by volume, than steel are now used in today's cars for a myriad of components. At the end of a vehicle's working life, plastics components can be recycled or the energy can be recovered through incineration Plastics versatility aids the automotive industry in meeting ever more stringent requirements in terms of economical performance, safety, comfort and environmental considerations
Aerospace
The aerodynamic requirements of aerospace products demand maximum design flexibility and minimal weight. Plastics can be formulated to meet a wide variety of specifications and are ideal for components incorporating smooth curves. Composites are widely used in the panels of military jets and helicopters as well as for wing skins, nacelles, fairings, flaps and helicopter rotor-blades in commercial applications. Plastics are also found throughout aircraft interiors in, for example, bulkheads, galleys, stair units, seating and flooring.
Rail
Materials used in railway locomotives, carriages and other rolling stock have to withstand wear and tear from heavy use. The durability of plastics is one of the factors making them the first choice for engine and carriage panels, flooring, luggage racks, seating and doors.
Marine
Plastics' ability to withstand a harsh marine environment makes them essential in all types of marine craft, from ocean liners to sailing dinghies. Plastics do not corrode or warp and need less maintenance than other traditional materials to remain attractive and in good working condition.
Application of plastics in electrical-electronics & telecommunication ...............
MCB
IC
Circuits
Cabinets
Display
Optical fiber
Current carrying springs & relays
Micro-motors
Remote
Camera
LCDs
Application of plastics in Medical…………..
Medicine packaging
Artificial body parts like hand,legs,heart
Contact lenses
Blood bags
Injection
Stretcher
X-ray
Surgical tools
Surgery
Application of plastics in Furniture…………..
Chair, Tables, shower heads, dishes, skylights, eye glasses, cameras, floor waxes, carpets, piano keys, switch cover plates, buttons, door knobs, papers, shoe heels, toothbrush handles, pen and pencil barrels, beads, toys, fisherperson's floats and tackle, cutlery handles, combs, washing machines, detergent dispensers, salad bowls, ash trays, croquet balls, water hose nozzels, football helmets, inks, clothing, rainwear, cellophane, wash tubs, luggage, costume jewlery, beverage cases, trash-can liners, produce bags, canteens, synthetic leather, refrigerator insulation, sponges, furniture cushioning, model airplane and car kits, place mats, envelope windows, ice buckets, egg cartons, shower curtains
Plastic Materials for gear manufacturing..........
Properly selected plastic materials offer better performance than metals when all or some of the following requirements must be satisfied:
•Low maintenance
•Wear resistance when running dry
•Low noise
•Vibration dampening
•Corrosion-proof
•Low inertia due to low rotating mass, light weight
•Low manufacturing cost
Polyamides can be engineered toward one or more requirements, as is shown by the following listing of the plastic materials most commonly used for manufacturing gears:
1) PA 6 (Polyamide 6): this material is wear resistant and absorbs impact even under rough conditions, but it is less suitable for small precision gears.
2) PA 66 (Polyamide 66): compared to PA 6, this extruded polyamide offers better wear resistance (except against mating surfaces of high quality), absorbs less moisture and is dimensionally more stable, but it is also less suitable for small precision gears. 3) PA 6 G (Cast Polyamide 6): the high degree of crystallization makes PA 6 G especially wear resistant.
4) Calaumid 612/612-FeÆ (cast PA 6/12): this polyamide is engineered toward toughness against shock loads, with wear resistance similar to PA 6 G. (Calaumid is a Timco exclusive)
5) Calaumid 1200/1200-FeÆ (cast PA 12): a lower degree of moisture absorption gives better dimensional stability. It has excellent wear resistance and withstands high shock loads.
6) PA 6 G + Oil (Cast Polyamide 6 + Oil): the addition of lubricating oil into the PA 6 G provides very good dry running and wear resistant properties.
7) POM-C (Polyacetal-C): this Acetal absorbs very little moisture, which makes it suitable for precision gears, but it needs continuous lubrication under high loads.
8) UHMW-PE (ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene): PE absorbs no moisture, is dimensionally stable, resistant against chemicals, and dampens vibrations, but it is suitable only for low loads.
Typical Plastic Gear Applications
plastic gears were found in toys and other non-critical applications. Through advancements in plastic resins and manufacturing techniques however, plastic gears today can be utilized in a multitude of crucial applications, from transmitting amounts of torque to accurate positioning of critical components in medical devices. Plastic offers many benefits, including design flexibility and significant cost savings.
- Automotive
- Blenders
- Converting
- Conveyors
- Electronics
- Feeder Drives
- Food Processing
- Home & Garden
- Indexing
- Marine Steering
- Material Handling
- Medical
- Mixers
- Movie Animation
- Office Machines
- Packaging
- Paper Processing
- Power Transmission Distributors
- Printing
- Punch Presses
- Robotics
- Semiconductors
Feeding bottles
Polycarbonate (PC) plastic is one of the safest and best materials used to make baby bottles. While there are other options available on the market Viz, Polypropylene (PP) and Glass.
Polycarbonate (PC) is popularly used for manufacturing baby feeding bottles
and highly preferable in the market because of its light weight, unbreakable and
heat resistance quality. Polycarbonate (PC) plastic is one of the safest and best
materials used to make baby bottles. While there are other options available, Polypropylene (PP) and Glass .
Manufacturing Process& Technology
Baby Feeding Bottles have the following parts:
• Bottle
• Cap
• Teat (or Nipple)
The bottle is made of Polycarbonate and is manufactured by Injection Blow
Moulding and the cap is made of Polypropylene and is made by Injection
Moulding. Silicone nipples for the bottle can be procured from reputed suppliers.
The process of manufacturing baby feeding bottles and caps can be seen in the
following process flow diagram:
Technology:
The technology/Machinery required for manufacturing of the Baby Feeding
Bottles are blow moulding machine, Injection moulding machine, color mixer,
chilling machine, scrap grinder and printing machine.
Microwave oven bowls madeup of ........
Glass & Ceramics
Glass containers are often marked microwave safe. These containers can be heated in a microwave without a problem. The issue with glass that is not
Application of plastics
Uses of plastics in Agriculture-
A wide range of plastics are used in agriculture, including, polyolefin, polyethylene (PE), Polypropylene (PP), Ethylene-Vinyl Accetate Copolymer (EVA), Poly-vinyl chloride (PVC) and, in less frequently, Polycarbonate (PC) and poly-methyl-methacrylate (PMMA)
Greenhouses:
Greenhouses are like intensive-care units. Thanks to them, plants are exposed to the sunlight and can grow in ideal conditions according to their physiological properties. The use of greenhouses indeed provides farmers with the possibility to create the appropriate environmental conditions that plants require for faster and safer growth, to avoid extreme temperatures and protect crops from harmful external conditions.
Tunnels:
Tunnels have the same features as greenhouses, except for their complexity and their height. Crops that are the most commonly cultivated in tunnels are asparagus, watermelon, etc.
Mulching:
Mulching or covering the ground with plastic film helps maintain humidity as evaporation is reduced. It also improves thermal conditions for the plant’s roots, avoids contact between the plant and the ground and prevents weed from growing and competing with for water and nutrients.
Plastic reservoirs and irrigation systems:
When combined, plastic reservoirs and plastic irrigation systems make an essential contribution to water management. Water can be stored in dams covered with plastics materials to avoid leaking and distributed via pipes, drop irrigation systems and systems for water circulation.
Silage:
This application, which was developed to store animals’ grains and straw during the winter, is another proof of the value of plastics. Plastic films used to store silage are resistant and the content canbe stored for years.
Other plastic applications include boxes;
crates for crop collecting, handling and transport; components for irrigation systems like fittings and spray cones; tapes that help hold the aerial parts of the plants in the greenhouses, or even nets to shade the interior of the greenhouses or reduce the effects of hail
Application of plastics in Packaging
Food packaging
Lamination
Wrapers
Packaging of electrical and electronic parts
Water & milk packaging
Application of plastics in building..........................
- Flooring
- Roofing
- Insulation
- Wall
- Pipes
- Windows
- Doors
- Pipes : Electrical Conduits, Rain Water & Sewage pipes, Plumbing, Gas Distributions.
- Cables : PVC Insulation on cables, Insulation Tapes .
- Flooring : Flooring tiles & Rolls .
- Domes / sky lights : Opaque as well as transparent.
- Roofing : Coloured or Double skinned for insulation.
- Windows & doors : Extruded sections for Door and windows and panels.
- Storage tanks : Storage tanks.
- Hardware accessories : Washers, Nut bolts, Sleeves, Anchoring wires.
- Temporary structures: Guard cabins, tents
- Insulation materials: PVC sheets, insulating membranes.
Application of plastics in transport.......
Automotive
More plastics, by volume, than steel are now used in today's cars for a myriad of components. At the end of a vehicle's working life, plastics components can be recycled or the energy can be recovered through incineration Plastics versatility aids the automotive industry in meeting ever more stringent requirements in terms of economical performance, safety, comfort and environmental considerations
Aerospace
The aerodynamic requirements of aerospace products demand maximum design flexibility and minimal weight. Plastics can be formulated to meet a wide variety of specifications and are ideal for components incorporating smooth curves. Composites are widely used in the panels of military jets and helicopters as well as for wing skins, nacelles, fairings, flaps and helicopter rotor-blades in commercial applications. Plastics are also found throughout aircraft interiors in, for example, bulkheads, galleys, stair units, seating and flooring.
Rail
Materials used in railway locomotives, carriages and other rolling stock have to withstand wear and tear from heavy use. The durability of plastics is one of the factors making them the first choice for engine and carriage panels, flooring, luggage racks, seating and doors.
Marine
Plastics' ability to withstand a harsh marine environment makes them essential in all types of marine craft, from ocean liners to sailing dinghies. Plastics do not corrode or warp and need less maintenance than other traditional materials to remain attractive and in good working condition.
Application of plastics in electrical-electronics & telecommunication ...............
MCB
IC
Circuits
Cabinets
Display
Optical fiber
Current carrying springs & relays
Micro-motors
Remote
Camera
LCDs
Application of plastics in Medical…………..
Medicine packaging
Artificial body parts like hand,legs,heart
Contact lenses
Blood bags
Injection
Stretcher
X-ray
Surgical tools
Surgery
Application of plastics in Furniture…………..
Chair, Tables, shower heads, dishes, skylights, eye glasses, cameras, floor waxes, carpets, piano keys, switch cover plates, buttons, door knobs, papers, shoe heels, toothbrush handles, pen and pencil barrels, beads, toys, fisherperson's floats and tackle, cutlery handles, combs, washing machines, detergent dispensers, salad bowls, ash trays, croquet balls, water hose nozzels, football helmets, inks, clothing, rainwear, cellophane, wash tubs, luggage, costume jewlery, beverage cases, trash-can liners, produce bags, canteens, synthetic leather, refrigerator insulation, sponges, furniture cushioning, model airplane and car kits, place mats, envelope windows, ice buckets, egg cartons, shower curtains